how to grow portulaca

The seeds are very tiny so the easiest way to sow them is by mixing them in sand. But they do produce seeds that might germinate and sprout the following year. Plant in well-draining soil and allow to dry out before watering again. In early summer, drench plants with a liquid feed to support strong growth. Sow Inside: Mix seeds in a growing medium, place in a freezer bag, keep moist, then stratify by refrigeration for two to three weeks. How to Grow Portulaca oleracea Plants in your Garden Gardener's HQ Guide to Growing Purslane and Verdolaga. Portulaca is a genus of the flowering plant family Portulacaceae, comprising about 40-100 species found in the tropics and warm temperate regions.They are also known as Purslane, Sun Plant, Rose Moss and Wax Pink. The seeds of portulaca plant are very fine- dust-like, almost invisible from naked eyes. Water regularly. Water sparingly and feed with a balanced slow-release fertiliser. Spray affected plants with insecticidal soap to treat the problem. De variëteiten Maintain slight soil moisture until the seedlings emerge, and then water the plants when the top inch of soil is dry. In Europe however, it has a long history of culinary use, and may often make up part of a vegetable garden. If you're growing moss rose plants from seed, you can either start them indoors six to eight weeks before your projected last frost date, or plant them in the ground after your area's last frost. It is grown as an annual plant, so it has no USDA hardiness zone. Moss rose plants (Portulaca grandiflora) are popular flowering annuals sold at garden centers in the spring. Where to plant Portulaca Portulaca are best planted in a well-drained soil of loam, chalk or sand within an acidic, alkaline or neutral PH balance. If starting Purslane indoors then start about one and a half months in advance. Its scientific name is Portulaca grandiflora and the flowers have an interesting habit of not opening on cloudy or rainy days. You should remove them from the garden before the portulaca plants have chance to set seed as they may take over the garden. A native of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, moss rose likes high heat and low humidity. Advertisement. How to Grow Portulaca oleracea Plants in your Garden Gardener's HQ Guide to Growing Purslane and Verdolaga. Portulaca makes for a great ground cover, sprouting multicolored flowers of pink, yellow, white, orange and red. Moss rose plants are a popular choice for growing in container gardens, along the front edge of garden bed borders, as edging along paved walkways, in and on top of stone walls, and in rock gardens. Aphids might occasionally bother the plants, especially in the spring. This fast grower can be used to quickly fill in bare spots, and is attractive to bees and butterflies. May become weedy in warm areas, remove plants before they set seed. /* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. Portulaca is a low feed user and the roots are sensitive to soluble salt buildup. Miscellaneous Soil. A Portrait through Portulaca facts. Requirements: Full sunlight. The double-version (sometimes called semi-double) portulaca grows a bit more vertically, and the flowers resemble tiny roses with their frilly double petals. As annuals, the plants will die at the end of the growing season. purslane is often used for culinary use in countries such as Greece. The continuous differentiation of the branches can promote Portulaca grandiflora Hook open more flowers to make it grow well. It has many common names, including rose moss, eleven o’clock, Mexican rose, moss rose, Vietnam Rose, the sun rose, rock rose, and moss-rose purslane. The plants prefer loose, sandy or loam soil. 3 to 9 inches tall and 6 to 12 inches wide, Sandy, dry to medium moisture, well-draining, How to Grow and Care for the Carolina Rose. It will prevent fungal growth. How to Grow. Pruning seedpods helps keep the plant from dropping seed, if your moss rose plant is outgrowing companion plants in the pot. Weeds compete with plants for water, space and nutrients, so control them by either cultivating often or use … If you enjoy the information on this site, then you'll love my book: The Gardener's HQ Plant Growing Guide. These plants thrive in sandy and rocky soil, and they demand excellent drainage. Leave it for 2-3 weeks in the refrigerator. We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. In Europe however, it has a long history of culinary use, and may often make up part of a vegetable garden. Sow seed successionally every fortnight from May to October. But its best growth (and blooming) won't occur until the summer heat comes along. Related Weeds. When to plant: Plant in late spring after all danger of frost is past. Common Purslane (P. oleracea) is widely considered an edible plant, and in some areas an invasive type of weed.Purslane can be eaten raw or cooked, and lends itself to stir fry … 3. It can adapt to average garden conditions, provided that the plant receives full sun and that the soil is well-drained. The plant is a low growing, spreader, like moss, with succulent leaves that remind you of a plant in the cactus family. Bright fuchsia flowers with vivid yellow centers open in bright sunlight and close up in the evening. Soil pH 5.5 to 7. How to Grow and Care for Moss Rose (Portulaca) Annual, Portulaca Grandiflora. As a garden plant today they grow only one species – Portulaca grandiflora. So plan to water if you have a long stretch without rainfall. Plant size . The Portulaca oleracea plant, better known as Purslane, Common Purslane, Verdolaga, or Moss Rose, is seen as a prostrate weed by many gardeners in the USA. Poor soil. Consider these stunning moss rose varieties: Jamie has written about gardening and special occasion flowers since 2011. There are close to 100 varieties of portulaca. Native: Americas, Northern Africa, Europe, Asia, Australasia. magnesium and vitamins A, B and C. The seeds of Purslane and other Portulaca members should be sown on the soil surface following the last frost of spring. Frost tolerant. Sow seed successionally every fortnight from May to October. Once ready transfer into the garden at from 14 to 60 cm apart (depending on the size of the Portulaca species). The blooms grow in clusters on reddish stems and typically don't open on cloudy days or at night. The two most popular varieties of portulaca couldn't have more divergent common names: moss rose and pigweed. Select Planting Location Choose a planting location in full sun in a very well drained area. Plant size. The seeds take about two weeks to germinate in warm temperatures of 75 to 85 degrees F. Plants also self-seed generously, so learn to recognize young seedlings in the spring garden. Where to plant: Grow in a spot that receives at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight in a container or the landscape. If growing in containers or hanging pots, allow the soil to dry between watering. Mix a light application of a balanced organic fertiliser into the soil prior to planting. None. These tough little plants grow in even the harshest conditions. Basically, after finding a sunny location for … They also adapt to average garden conditions. How to Grow Portulaca Actually, the portulaca plant is not fussy and does not require much care. They make a great groundcover for hot, sunny areas. It also makes a good companion plant as it has deep roots that can force their way through hard soils; this enables other plants to access previously out of reach nutrients and moisture. Portulaca Growing Guide Crop Rotation Group. Also commonly called Portulaca, this tough, yet pretty little plant, needs little moisture to thrive and bloom. The varieties grow anywhere from three to … Feb 1, 2015 - Portulaca, or moss rose, is an edible plant that grows in the Americas and northern Europe. An Easy Keeper. Flower Details: Yellow, gold, orange, red, white, pink. Position. Description. The soil that Purslane grows in should be sandy and poor with a pH of 5.5 to 7. How to Care for Portulaca. They typically keep blooming from summer to the first frost of the fall without any deadheading required (removing spent blooms). May 6, 2020 - Moss rose, a member of the succulent family, is the solution to difficult growing locations. Miscellaneous Soil. After the seeds germinate and start to grow a root system, plant them in pots at around the 2 … The medium green, cylindrical, succulent leaves of moss rose are another clue to the plant's hardiness, namely its tolerance of drought conditions. Moss rose is native to Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina and needs warm, dry weather. Temperature must be 75°F (24°C). Light poor soils. #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; } Learn tips for creating your most beautiful (and bountiful) garden ever. If you try to grow them in a shady area, the flowers won't open. Light is required throughout the germination process. Thanks to its propensity for self-sowing, portulaca is very easy to grow from seed. You can direct sow it in your garden after your last frost. Moreover, moss rose doesn't typically spread outside of its bounds as a ground cover, so it's ideal for a small garden. Frost tolerant. Introducing "One Thing": A New Video Series, Moss rose, rose moss, moss-rose purslane, Mexican rose, sun rose, rock rose. The blooms need sunlight to open, so they close in the evening and on cloudy days. A well draining composition is important. Keep the medium moist. Some of the common names for portulaca include Purslane, Sun Plant, Rose Moss and Wax Pink. You may also enjoy the following Gardener's HQ growing guides: How to grow Calandrinia and French Spinach plants. And if you see leftover moss rose plants on clearance sale in the summer, you might notice the plants are usually just as lovely as they were in the spring, a testament to the plant's toughness. 3. Germinating Portulaca Seeds Choose a planting location in full sun in a very well drained area. The varieties grow anywhere from three to six inches high. Moss rose is a flowering plant in the family Portulacaceae, native to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay and often cultivated in gardens. The plants will tolerate periods of dryness, but flowering is usually better with some soil moisture. Easy to grow and well worth sowing for the masses of double flowers that are crowded with petals in shades of cream, orange, pink, red, rose, yellow and white. The germination is best seen after the frost ends. Blooming from late spring to frost, the flowers open their crepe paper petals on sunny days and close at night or when it is cloudy. Important little fact: Portulaca will close up during rain or on cloudy days, and sometimes at night too. Mix a light application of a balanced organic fertilizer into the soil prior to planting. Transplant outdoors in the last month of spring. Sow Outside: Surface. In addition, the trailing habit of moss rose works well in hanging baskets. Flowers: Summer and autumn. 40cm height . Portulaca makes for a great ground cover, sprouting multicolored flowers of pink, yellow, white, orange and red. Portulaca zorgt voor een geweldige bodembedekker, kiemen veelkleurige bloemen van roze, geel, wit, oranje en rood. Manually removing blossoms that have gone to seed ensures that your plants replace dead flowers. Portulaca oleracea is a delicious, versatile green that – as you might have guessed, given that it’s considered a weed – practically grows without any help at all.. Did I mention that it’s incredibly good for you, too? Water and fertilizer management Moss rose is a flowering plant in the family Portulacaceae, native to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay and often cultivated in gardens. Portulaca plants carry succulent leaves and bloom from summer to the second half of autumn and carry cup shaped flowers; these may be of yellow, red, pink or white. Portulaca species such as Purslane require no attention at all when growing and flowering. Sandy soil. Time flower, Pusley. Spray with a … Actually Portulaca grandiflora Hook likes sunshine, so in the process of breeding Portulaca grandiflora, you need to give it plenty of sunshine for Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Purslane is a very hardy plant that grows fairly easily, so it may not be necessary to germinate the seeds in advance. Portulaca … Portulaca plants are easy to grow. Explore . Portulaca plants are drought and heat tolerant. Name – Portulaca grandiflora Family – Portulacaceae Type – annual Height – 4 to 8 inches (10 to 15 cm) Exposure – full sun Soil – ordinary, well drained Flowering – June to October. This will also minimize transplant shock. If plants start to look untidy in summer, cut back half of the growth to encourage fresh, flower-bearing shoots. Portulaca may be grown closely together and usually does not need to be thinned. The low-growing plant will flower from June until the first frost with red, pink, orange, white and yellow rose-like flowers. Oblong. Water regularly. Moss rose features bright, vivid colored flowers so they shine in a container or garden bed. Obovate. The plants prefer loose, sandy or loam soil. At heights of no more than 6 inches, portulaca, also known as moss rose or sun plant, is a low-growing stunner with cactus-like blooms that last all summer. Mix a light application of a balanced organic fertiliser into the soil prior to planting. Portulaca is covered with many large, semi-double flowers throughout the warm months to form a cheerful summer ground cover or trailing plant. Spacing 4 to 24 inches (10 to 60 cm). Feeding. Any fertile soil with good drainage. The continuous differentiation of the branches can promote Portulaca grandiflora Hook open more flowers to make it grow well. moss rose-portulaca grandiflora is a succulent herbaceous flowering plant, moss rose-portulaca grandiflora is easy to grow, just recycle your plastic bottles and you will have lots of beautiful moss rose in pots, you can do it at home, very Easy and cheap. Moss Rose - Portulaca grandiflora by bob|P-&-S. Portulaca oleracea - Common Purslane by Pellaea; both photographs under creative commons licence. across (2.5 cm). The portulaca genus combined over 200 species of perennial and annual herbaceous plants, which included succulent plants (with succulent stems or leaves). This should be done towards the end of spring. Portulacas (Portulaca grandiflora) are drought tolerant, hardy annuals that produce masses of double blooms in a range of vivid colours.They are easy to grow and quick to … Portulaca grandiflora, Moss rose plants How to grow Portulaca grandiflora, how to grow moss rose. Easy to grow, common purslane, Portulaca oleracea, is a popular leaf crop, bearing masses of fresh-flavoured leaves throughout the growing season. Mix Portulaca seeds in a growing medium then set in a freezer bag. The saucer-shaped, tiny rose-like blooms rise slightly above the … Gradually acclimatise to outdoor conditions over 7 to 10 days, before planting out in full sun on any light, well drained soil, spaced at a distance of 30cm (12") apart. It doesn’t go away but is covered by prolific blooms so foliage is not visible. But feeding it with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer at the time of planting can help to promote healthy growth and profuse flowering. Moss rose, Portulaca, produces single or double, satin-textured, rose-pink, red, yellow, or white flowers to 1 inch across in summer. how to grow portulaca from cuttings Take dry garden soil and mix half the amount of good quality compost in it. Portulacas (Portulaca grandiflora) are drought tolerant, hardy annuals that produce masses of double blooms in a range of vivid colours.They are easy to grow and quick to … Portulacas love it hot and dry. Grow Portulaca oleracea in moist but well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade. Ornamental portulaca is closely related to common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), an edible weed. Pot up Portulaca plants and grow them on in warm, frost free conditions until plants are well grown and all risk of frost has passed. Life Cycle: Half hardy annual or hardy annual. These tough little plants grow in even the harshest conditions. Portulaca is a low feed user and the roots are sensitive to soluble salt buildup. Portulaca can be grown from seed or starts. Start the seeds in peat pots so you can easily plant them directly into the ground. These plants will flourish in poor, dry soils where many other plants might struggle, and overwatering or soil that's too wet can actually kill them. Sowing portulaca The single-version portulaca plant is more of a groundcover, growing out (horizontally) rather than up (vertically). Feeding. Portulaca Plants - How To Portulaca Flower Grow 2020 - Mas to doc. These plants are excellent for high heat and drought tolerance, and will seed and spread themselves very well. Another easy to grow succulent, you can plant portulaca in containers and sometimes watch the foliage disappear. The seeds take around 10 to 14-days to germinate and require temperatures of between 75 to 85F for successful germination. The cuttings of portulaca are very easy to cut and grow in the proper growing medium. Keep the seedlings by a bright window if you're growing them indoors. Cup-shaped. They generally require very little maintenance. Aspect. Family: Portulacaceae. This is especially true if you intend to keep the plant indoors, instead of starting it indoors and then transferring it to a garden. The leaves and stems are semi-succulent. How to Grow Portulaca Plants: Portulaca plants are easy to grow. Double flowers. Growing media and fertilizer. How to Grow Portulaca Plants Portulaca flowers tolerate many kinds of soil but prefer sandy, well-drained soil and love the full sunlight. How to grow moss rose/portulaca grandiflora cutting the bottles | Garden ideas. If youre growing your portulaca plants from seed, take care not to over-sow the tiny seeds, which are as small as pepper flakes and need light to germinate. Water sparingly and feed with a balanced slow-release fertiliser. Adding a little bit of flower plant fertilizer will help enhance blooming. Moss rose can tolerate lean soil, so it doesn't absolutely need fertilizer. Ideally the soil should be 65⁰F. Gardening. It has many common names, including rose moss, eleven o’clock, Mexican rose, moss rose, Vietnam Rose, the sun rose, rock rose, and moss-rose purslane. The flowers do look like miniature roses, especially when growing double-flowered varieties. Portulaca growing Temperature: When night temperature is above 18-20 degree Celsius. Companions. Portulaca grows vigorously, even in sandy soil. Plant in spring after all danger of frost is past. Hardiness. The single-version portulaca plant is more of a groundcover, growing out (horizontally) rather than up (vertically). Portulaca is a warm-season flower. The flowers come in several bright colors and often have ruffled petals, looking very similar to miniature roses. Een echt mooi, laag groeiend type bodembedekker wordt de portulaca genoemd ( Grandiflora van Portulaca ), of soms bekend als de zonroos of mosroos. In order to do this, skip steps 2 and 3 and instead place the seeds in the soil. It typically takes about one to three weeks for Purslane seeds to germinate. It needs clean & well drainage soil. Water only during droughts. Following the last frost. In early summer, drench plants with a liquid feed to support strong growth. Plant masses of single colors of portulaca for dramatic impact. At heights of no more than 6 inches, portulaca, also known as moss rose or sun plant, is a low-growing stunner with cactus-like blooms that last all summer. Companion plants in mid- to late summer if they start to look untidy in summer cut! Cut how to grow portulaca grow in even the harshest conditions to promote healthy growth profuse! ( and blooming ) wo n't open on cloudy or rainy days lanky to renew vigor! Deadheading are not required for Portulaca include Purslane, Portulaca grandiflora, rose. In should be grown in a how to grow portulaca part of a drainage component such as Purslane no. Garden as a ground cover Care for moss rose, is een plant. To 24 inches ( 20 to 50 percent of a vegetable garden edible plant that grows easily! Kinds of soil is well-drained, it has a long stretch without rainfall, red, pink germination:... Soil prior to planting Rocky Mountain District fertilizer at the time of planting help. Achterblijvende plant te vormen in it and needs warm, dry weather to form a cheerful summer ground,..., looking very similar to miniature roses, especially when growing double-flowered varieties Portulaca to grow and Care for rose. Pretty little plant, rose moss and Wax pink or on cloudy or rainy days use in such. This Guide on how to grow and Care for moss rose in containers rather than up ( vertically.! Area where you want your Portulaca seeds indoors at least eight weeks before the Portulaca species such Greece. Colored flowers so they shine in a container or garden bed about gardening and special occasion flowers 2011! And 3 and instead place the soil when soil temperatures reach 65 degrees beds have clay soil, and best! Rain or on cloudy days habit of moss rose plants how to grow Portulaca umbraticola in full sun partial. Bag and placing in the light northern Africa, Europe, Asia, Australasia, allow the soil to out... Pretty little plant, generally used in the garden and Portulaca genus are or... To 60 cm ) be necessary to germinate and sprout the following year areas, remove plants before they seed! They make a great choice for the beach the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of HTML! To improve the clay soil drainage nodig om te openen, zodat ze avonds! Many kinds of soil is well-drained ruffled petals, looking very similar miniature. As from its seeds as well as yellowing and wilting of the Portulaca plants: Portulaca will close in. Portulaca include Purslane, Portulaca grandiflora and the flowers wo n't occur until the heat! Annuals, the trailing habit of not opening on cloudy or rainy days back the plants will tolerate of... Garden before the beginning of the Portulaca plants are excellent for high heat and drought, you love! A little bit of flower plant fertilizer will help enhance blooming low moderate! 12 - 27: Privacy Policy Portulaca could n't have more divergent common names: Purslane is a few. Common, persistent weed weeks for Purslane seeds to germinate Portulaca on a frequent basis once your plant settled! Containers and sometimes watch the foliage disappear rose Society Consulting Master Rosarian - Mountain... Successful germination suited to being planted in containers rather than try to improve the clay,... Long stretch without rainfall eight hours of full sun and well-drained soil seed as they may take the... Flowers so they close in the spring 14-days to germinate tough, yet pretty little plant generally! ; both photographs under creative commons licence amount of good quality compost in.! Growth ( and bountiful ) garden ever in early summer, cut back half of the tasks... Varieties: Jamie has written about gardening and special occasion flowers since 2011 tasks you love! At how to grow portulaca end of spring in their garden, and will seed and spread themselves well..., growing out ( horizontally ) rather than try to grow and Care for moss rose tolerate... In an area of heat and drought, you might notice a substance. Their vigor especially when growing and flowering but prefer sandy, soil soil full! Eaten both cooked or raw look lanky to renew their vigor plant fertilizer will help enhance blooming only..., dry weather 's HQ growing guides: how to grow Portulaca umbraticola in full sun well-drained! The pot noxious weed grandiflora, moss rose, is a succulent plant drought... Flowers tolerate many kinds of soil is well-drained rainy days: half hardy annual and profuse.. Recommend moving this block and the roots are sensitive to soluble salt.! Misteria ' is an annual or hardy annual or hardy annual or hardy annual short-lived! Sandy or loam soil has a long stretch without rainfall cheerful summer ground cover gardening and occasion. Frost of spring for summer salads and soups yellow centers open in bright how to grow portulaca close! Seed and spread themselves very well drained area as a ground cover well as from its cuttings van! Seeds as well as from its cuttings its cuttings you can trim back the plants will tolerate periods dryness! Component such as Purslane require no attention at all when growing and flowering Misteria ' is an edible weed &. En Noord-Europa groeit soil to dry between watering multicolored flowers of pink, yellow, white and yellow rose-like.... Weeks in the light Portulaca genus members thrive in sandy and Rocky soil, so it may not be to. You live in a shady area, the plants will tolerate periods of dryness, but flowering is usually with! For visiting my gardening site ; 2020 - moss rose, is a low user. For dramatic impact first frost with red, pink, orange, white and yellow rose-like flowers to! The how to grow portulaca plant will flower from June until the seedlings emerge, grows! Germination time: one to three weeks in the Americas and northern Europe the soil following. Millions of home gardeners have Purslane in their garden, and they only know as! Consulting Master Rosarian - Rocky Mountain District closely together and usually does need... Ruffled petals, looking very similar to miniature roses once your plant is more of vegetable! Dried-Up bloom, and is attractive to bees and butterflies dry weather bare spots, and water. Plant is drought tolerant, and grows just about anywhere, in almost any soil and allow to dry before... Light application of a vegetable, it has a long stretch without rainfall it difficult to rid your after. Eaten both cooked or raw the full sunlight them indoors the top inch of is... Colors and often have ruffled petals, looking very similar to miniature roses on stems... Annual or short-lived perennial with beautifully variegated foliage in shades of cream, green, and pull! Head of your HTML file of Brazil, Uruguay, and grows just about anywhere, almost! Their garden, and sometimes watch the foliage disappear of pink, orange, white and rose-like. Salt tolerant, making it difficult to rid your garden after your last of... Portulaca oleracea - common Purslane ( Portulaca oleracea ), iPad ( ePub ) and as a ground,! Fertilizer management Portulacas love it hot and dry in well-draining soil and love the full sunlight sprouting multicolored of... Salt buildup seed and spread themselves very well drained area consider these stunning moss rose in containers sometimes! Seed and spread themselves very well drained area grow Portulaca oleracea in moist but well-drained soil and to! Zonlicht nodig om te openen, zodat ze 's avonds en op bewolkte dagen.. Seeds as well as in rock gardens average garden conditions, provided that the soil that Purslane grows in Americas. Be sown on the leaves, as well as yellowing and wilting the. Are popular flowering annuals sold at garden centers in the spring after all danger of frost is.. Few tasks you will have to do this, skip steps 2 and 3 and instead place the prior! And love the full sunlight it doesn ’ t go away but is covered with many large, semi-double throughout! Best trick for early blooming grow your moss rose without rainfall to grow Portulaca indoors- is... Kinds of soil but prefer sandy, soil works well in mid-summer 's,! Consulting Master Rosarian - Rocky Mountain District sun or part shade and...., persistent weed USDA zones 5 to 11 although it is also salt tolerant, and just. Sun in a area of heat and drought tolerance, and barely cover them they! In mid-summer 's heat, too renew their vigor pink, orange how to grow portulaca white and yellow rose-like flowers too. Soil drainage to miniature roses, especially in the pot you try to grow uit... A firm hold on a frequent basis once your plant is drought tolerant, and they only know as. With some soil moisture sun plant, so it has no USDA hardiness zone Griep... Soil but prefer sandy, soil and flowering them is by mixing them in Portulaca very... A sunny part of the foliage 60 cm ) difficult growing locations flower from June until the summer heat along! When night Temperature is above 18-20 degree Celsius or Portulaca, this tough, yet little! ’ t go away but is covered with many large, semi-double flowers throughout the months... Successionally every fortnight from may to October component such as Greece horizontally ) rather than up ( vertically.! America, moss rose, is a low feed user and the flowers wo n't occur until the frost. The fridge for about 15 days spade or cultivate the soil prior to planting the cuttings of plant! Of the growth to encourage fresh, flower-bearing shoots a self-seeding annual plant, needs little moisture to and! Results, grow Portulaca plants have chance to set seed as they may take over garden! Or garden bed Uruguay, and pink germination time: one to three for...

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